{"id":816,"date":"2024-09-26T00:37:57","date_gmt":"2024-09-26T00:37:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/?p=816"},"modified":"2024-09-26T00:37:57","modified_gmt":"2024-09-26T00:37:57","slug":"to-be-a-princess-language-womanhood-social-status-in-studio-ghiblis-the-tale-of-the-princess-kaguya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/to-be-a-princess-language-womanhood-social-status-in-studio-ghiblis-the-tale-of-the-princess-kaguya\/","title":{"rendered":"To be a &#8216;Princess&#8217;: Language, womanhood &amp; social status in Studio Ghibli&#8217;s &#8216;The Tale of the Princess Kaguya&#8217;"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u201c\u2026 Then a noble princess is not a human!\u201d \u2013 Princess Kaguya<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/category\/analysis\/\">As several other GLARe posts show<\/a>, gender stereotypes are reflected in animated characters. When you place a Disney princess next to a prince, the differences are stark (take <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0053285\/\">Sleeping <em>Beauty<\/em><\/a> below, for example). Traditionally, the princess might be polite and beautiful, taking a submissive role in the narrative whilst the dashing prince fights for her rescue. On the other hand, there are princesses like <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0120762\/\">Mulan<\/a>,<\/em> who attempt to hide femininity by changing her appearance, behaviour, and manner of speech. <em>Linguistic features are a part of how gender identity is constructed<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/hegemonic-masculinity-and-the-subversion-of-gender-stereotypes-a-linguistic-analysis-of-dreamworks-how-to-train-your-dragon\/\">(see Vicky&#8217;s post on hegemonic masculinity for a good discussion on this matter).<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_819\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-819\" style=\"width: 217px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-819\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/Sleeping-Beauty-1959.png?resize=217%2C219\" alt=\"Prince Charming and Sleeping Beauty stand together, arm in arm.\" width=\"217\" height=\"219\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/Sleeping-Beauty-1959.png?resize=297%2C300&amp;ssl=1 297w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/Sleeping-Beauty-1959.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/Sleeping-Beauty-1959.png?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/Sleeping-Beauty-1959.png?w=552&amp;ssl=1 552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 217px) 100vw, 217px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-819\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prince Charming &amp; Sleeping Beauty \u2013 Cr: Disney \u00a9 1959<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>People have long held the belief that men and women speak very differently. There are models like <a href=\"https:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/class\/linguist156\/Lakoff_1973.pdf\">Lakoff (1975)<\/a>, who claimed women use more tag questions, politeness, and avoid aggressive or threatening language. Such beliefs have recently been called into question by linguists. However, natural speech is far different from scripted dialogue. Animated characters are constructions of gendered discourse and can either adhere or flout conventions. We see this in <em>Mulan<\/em>. Whilst Mulan is the unconventional \u2018warrior princess\u2019, she also reproduces stereotypes with her male persona\u2019s presentation <a href=\"https:\/\/search.library.ucla.edu\/discovery\/fulldisplay?context=L&amp;vid=01UCS_LAL:UCLA&amp;search_scope=ArticlesBooksMore&amp;tab=Articles_books_more_slot&amp;docid=alma9971294223606533\">(Glassmeyer, 2013)<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/dreamworks.fandom.com\/wiki\/Fiona\"><em>Shrek\u2019s<\/em> Fiona<\/a> is also criticised for similar reasons and remains \u201cproblematic\u201d interdiscursively with respect to \u2018female warrior discourse\u2019 (<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=4RQd8JvuKjwC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA459&amp;dq=sunderland+unger+shrek&amp;ots=TlPFpVians&amp;sig=1XE_bBiw2VYu5qHDBgFZ8b2B-Hc&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Unger and Sunderland, 2007<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>It is with this in mind that I want to discuss another \u2018unconventional\u2019 heroine: that of <a href=\"https:\/\/ghibli.fandom.com\/wiki\/Kaguya\"><strong>Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em><\/strong><\/a> (<em>hime<\/em> is the Japanese honorific suffix for \u2018Princess\u2019) from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/money\/Studio-Ghibli\">Studio Ghibli<\/a> film <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt2576852\/\"><em>Kaguya-hime no Monogatari<\/em> \u2018The Tale of The Princess Kaguya\u2019<\/a>(Takahata, 2013).<\/p>\n<div class=\"jetpack-video-wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Tale Of The Princess Kaguya - Official Trailer\" width=\"685\" height=\"385\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/W71mtorCZDw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h2>Who is Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em>?<\/h2>\n<p>To summarise briefly, \u2018The Tale of The Princess Kaguya\u2019 is based on the Japanese folk tale (<em>monogatari<\/em>) <a href=\"https:\/\/fairytale.fandom.com\/wiki\/Princess_Kaguya_and_the_Tale_of_the_Bamboo_Cutter\"><em>Taketori Monogatari<\/em> <\/a>\u2018The Tale of The Bamboo Cutter\u2019. The story describes the life of Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em>, a princess from the Moon, who is discovered inside a bamboo shoot by a bamboo cutter, and subsequently pushed into the noble court as a \u2018Princess\u2019 for her beauty.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_821\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-821\" style=\"width: 299px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-821 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/Kaguya-discovery-2013.jpg?resize=299%2C179\" alt=\"A small Kaguya-hime sits in the Bamboo Cutter's hands.\" width=\"299\" height=\"179\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-821\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">Kaguya-hime\u2019s discovery \u2013 Cr: Studio Ghibli \u00a9 2013<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Director <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/name\/nm0847223\/\">Isao Takahata<\/a> called the film <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiewire.com\/features\/general\/immersed-in-movies-isao-takahata-talks-the-tale-of-the-princess-kaguya-swan-song-123737\/\">\u201cThe Crime and Punishment of a Princess\u201d<\/a>, adding that he had wanted to shed light on the princess who is voiceless in the original <em>monogatari<\/em>. His goal was to depict the tribulations she would have faced as a young woman in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Heian-period\"><em>Heian<\/em> <\/a>society (Cannes, 2014). This is immediately clear from the title difference: \u2018The Tale of The Princess Kaguya\u2019 mentions her full name. Throughout the film, we witness her struggles with conventional \u2018femininity\u2019 in behaviour, appearance, and relationships. Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> is the \u2018caged woman\u2019, forced to act as a \u2018Princess\u2019 for the noblemen around her, behaving and speaking in a way that reveals <a href=\"https:\/\/www.animefeminist.com\/feature-the-patriarchal-pains-of-womanhood-in-the-films-of-studio-ghiblis-isao-takahata\/\">\u2018the patriarchal pains of womanhood\u2019<\/a> (Cao, 2019).<\/p>\n<p>There have been several studies regarding the subversion and adherence of female stereotypes in Studio Ghibli films (see <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.wku.edu\/stu_hon_theses\/1001\">Finley, 2023<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/en\/pub\/erciyesiletisim\/issue\/75676\/1183539\">Ta\u015fkin, 2023<\/a>). However, these have largely focused on visual and narrative features and have not necessarily considered linguistic analysis. Therefore, in this blog post, I will be paying particular attention to language in key scenes throughout the film. My aim is to reach a final conclusion:<\/p>\n<h5>How does language give and take Kaguya-<em>hime\u2019s<\/em> agency? How does she navigate gendered expectations?<\/h5>\n<p>By observing both the original Japanese dialogue and its English translation, I will discuss how \u2018The Tale of The Princess Kaguya\u2019 portrays female language conventions, especially concerning social aspects like politeness and face principles.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_824\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-824\" style=\"width: 273px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-824\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/Kaguya-main-art-2013.jpg?resize=273%2C205\" alt=\"Kaguya-hime film main art\" width=\"273\" height=\"205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/Kaguya-main-art-2013.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/Kaguya-main-art-2013.jpg?w=617&amp;ssl=1 617w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 273px) 100vw, 273px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-824\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> \u2013 Cr: Studio Ghibli \u00a9 2013<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Modes of address: status and gender<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Modes of address<\/span> are a great way to examine how identities are perceived. They reflect:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>the relationship(s) between participants in a conversation<\/li>\n<li>social context of language<\/li>\n<li>the participants\u2019 attitudes and beliefs.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Through the modes of address in \u2018The Tale of The Princess Kaguya\u2019, we can examine how gender stereotypes are attributed to male and female characters.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_825\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-825\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-825 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/bc-and-kaguya-hime-2013.jpg?resize=300%2C155\" alt=\"Bamboo cutter discovers Kaguya-hime\" width=\"300\" height=\"155\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/bc-and-kaguya-hime-2013.jpg?resize=300%2C155&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/bc-and-kaguya-hime-2013.jpg?resize=768%2C396&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/bc-and-kaguya-hime-2013.jpg?resize=685%2C353&amp;ssl=1 685w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/bc-and-kaguya-hime-2013.jpg?w=826&amp;ssl=1 826w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-825\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bamboo Cutter &amp; Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> \u2013 Cr: Studio Ghibli \u00a9 2013<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The modes of address for Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> are especially telling. She is most often called \u201cPrincess\u201d and \u201cPrincess Kaguya\u201d. In fact, the Bamboo Cutter calls her as thus immediately upon discovering her. In Japanese, he says: <strong>\u300c\u4f55\u3068\u7f8e\u3057\u3044\u304a\u59eb\u69d8\u3060\u308d\u3046!\u300d<\/strong>, translating to \u201cWhat a beautiful princess!\u201d. Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> appears small and infantile, sleeping and stretching like a baby. Despite being in such a vulnerable state, she is categorically nominalised as a \u201cPrincess\u201d. This seems to set her character onto a pre-determined path chosen by the Bamboo Cutter. The adjective \u201cbeautiful\u201d follows international stereotypes for royal protagonists in films, mainly that a princess must be attractive. This in turn shows that a woman\u2019s position is often decided by her appearance. In this sense, Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> is othered as a person within the first few minutes of the film; beauty is associated to social status, and therefore, she must be heralded as a \u2018princess\u2019, not a baby.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, the Bamboo Cutter claims that Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> is surely \u201ca gift from heaven\u201d, written in Japanese as <strong>\u300c\u5929\u304b\u3089\u306e\u6388\u304b\u308a\u3082\u306e\u300d<\/strong>. Here, we have religious imagery with \u201cheaven\u201d, glorifying her as above humanity. Although praising Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em>, the Bamboo Cutter\u2019s categorisation of her is archetypal and fixated on status. He calls her \u201ca perfect little princess\u201d, claiming she does not need to be \u201craised\u201d like a normal child and is instead deserving of material gifts. The film seems to elevate Kaguya-<em>hime\u2019s<\/em> status as soon as she is introduced, when in fact, she has been confined to a gendered position. This sets her path for the rest of the film: to become a \u2018princess\u2019 fitting of her father\u2019s wishes.<\/p>\n<p>The start of the film follows Kaguya-<em>hime\u2019s<\/em> upbringing in the countryside before she is moved to the capital. Whilst in the countryside, she is called \u201cLi\u2019l Bamboo\u201d by her childhood friends. The original Japanese for this is<strong>\u300c\u7af9\u306e\u5b50\u300d<\/strong><em>&#8216;Take no ko&#8217;<\/em>, translating to \u201cBamboo child\u201d roughly. The English subtitles embellish this mode of address, adding the slang \u201cLi\u2019l\u201d which is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/e\/slang\/lil\/\">typically associated with rural\/working class dialects, or colloquial usage of a humorous or affectionate nature.<\/a> The name in both languages reflects endearment &#8211; a fond address signifying her individuality. The opening scenes in the countryside also include how Kaguya-<em>hime <\/em>refers to Sutemaru: \u201cSutemaru-<em>Oniichan<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_828\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-828\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-828 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/sutemaru-and-kaguya-hime-2013.jpg?resize=300%2C162\" alt=\"Young Kaguya-hime and Sutemaru crouch in a field.\" width=\"300\" height=\"162\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/sutemaru-and-kaguya-hime-2013.jpg?resize=300%2C162&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/sutemaru-and-kaguya-hime-2013.jpg?resize=768%2C414&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/sutemaru-and-kaguya-hime-2013.jpg?resize=685%2C369&amp;ssl=1 685w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/sutemaru-and-kaguya-hime-2013.jpg?w=783&amp;ssl=1 783w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-828\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaguya-hime &amp; Sutemaru \u2013 Cr: Studio Ghibli \u00a9 2013<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u201c<em>Oniichan<\/em>\u201d is an affixal honorific used for one\u2019s elder brothers or sometimes close older male familiars (used usually by young children in this latter case). It is associated to proximity. On the otherhand, Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> is distanced through her nominalisation of \u201c<em>hime<\/em>\u201d. When Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> leaves the countryside, the narrator stops referring to her as \u201cLi\u2019l Bamboo\u201d and omits \u201c<em>oniichan<\/em>\u201d from Sutemaru\u2019s name, simply saying <em>\u201c\u2026<\/em>the Princess and Sutemaru\u201d (<strong>\u300c\u2026\u59eb\u306b\u3082\u3001\u6368\u3066\u4e38\u306b\u3082\u2026\u300d<\/strong>). This sharp change of modes of address signifies the distance between the two characters in terms of social status and gender, and additionally how differently they are perceived.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_829\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-829\" style=\"width: 285px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-829\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/name-giver-2013.jpg?resize=285%2C154\" alt=\"The name giver sits, observing Kaguya-hime to think of a name for her.\" width=\"285\" height=\"154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/name-giver-2013.jpg?resize=300%2C162&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/name-giver-2013.jpg?w=643&amp;ssl=1 643w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 285px) 100vw, 285px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-829\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The name giver \u2013 Cr: Studio Ghibli \u00a9 2013<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Once in the capital, Li\u2019l Bamboo is referred to with prestigious terms. This is especially reflected in the mode of address\u00a0 \u201cthe noble princess\u201d (<strong>\u300c\u9ad8\u7d1a\u306e\u59eb\u541b\u300d<\/strong>\u2019<em>kouki no himegimi\u2019<\/em>), which is used most often by the Bamboo Cutter.<b> <\/b>This could objectify Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em>, fixating on her worth as a princess instead of a young girl. With this, we see a clear connection between social worth and women as attributed by the male characters. It is also worth noting that the name \u201cKaguya\u201d itself is given to her by a man in a traditional name-giving ceremony. Therefore, her entire character appears to be decided, idealised, and formed by male expectations of princesshood. Indeed, the film represents how status can be attributed to a name\/title.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_846\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-846\" style=\"width: 318px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-846\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/caged-bird-2013.jpg?resize=318%2C174\" alt=\"Kaguya-hime sees herself in the caged bird.\" width=\"318\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/caged-bird-2013.jpg?resize=300%2C164&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/caged-bird-2013.jpg?w=640&amp;ssl=1 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-846\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> sees herself in the caged bird \u2013 Cr: Studio Ghibli \u00a9 2013<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Dehumanised as a &#8216;Princess&#8217;<\/h2>\n<p>High society women in the Heian era were modelled to act, speak, dress, and behave according to idealisations of \u2018the perfect woman\u2019. Some Heian expectations included: not walking in front of men; painting their teeth black; and blanching their faces. Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> yells <strong>\u201cThen a noble princess is not a human!\u201d<\/strong> when first ordered to dress and act accordingly. The common nouns &#8220;princess&#8221; and &#8220;human&#8221; are effectively paralleled in this scene, distanced as two separate concepts. Where women were expected to be quiet and obedient, Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> exclaims in frustration that becoming a \u201cPrincess\u201d is to abandon \u201chumanity\u201d.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_830\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-830\" style=\"width: 408px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-830\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/sagami-2013.png?resize=408%2C190\" alt=\"Kaguya-hime refuses Lady Sagami's makeover.\" width=\"408\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/sagami-2013.png?resize=300%2C140&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/sagami-2013.png?resize=768%2C360&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/sagami-2013.png?resize=685%2C321&amp;ssl=1 685w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/sagami-2013.png?w=786&amp;ssl=1 786w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 408px) 100vw, 408px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-830\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> &amp; Lady Sagami \u2013 Cr: Studio Ghibli \u00a9 2013<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>When she later submits to these standards, it is noted that she \u201c\u2026was like a different person\u201d, thus emphasising her unhappiness and loss of self-identity.<\/p>\n<div class=\"jetpack-video-wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Tale of Princess Kaguya (Transformation Scene)\" width=\"685\" height=\"385\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qiPWZXtVHdg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>A key scene for dehumanisation is when the five male suitors present their marriage proposals to Kaguya-<em>hime <\/em>(who is hidden behind a bamboo partition), despite never having seen or met her before.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_832\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-832\" style=\"width: 326px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-832\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/five-suitors-2013.jpg?resize=326%2C176\" alt=\"The five suitors sit to propose to Kaguya-hime.\" width=\"326\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/five-suitors-2013.jpg?resize=300%2C162&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/five-suitors-2013.jpg?resize=685%2C371&amp;ssl=1 685w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/five-suitors-2013.jpg?w=759&amp;ssl=1 759w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 326px) 100vw, 326px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-832\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The five suitors \u2013 Cr: Studio Ghibli \u00a9 2013<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><u>Below is how each suitor describes her:<\/u><\/span><\/h4>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 114px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px\"><strong>Prince Kuramochi<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px\">\u201cA <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">jewelled branch<\/span> from a tree of Mount Harai in China\u2026 an unattainable treasure\u2026\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 24px\"><strong>Prince Ishitsukuri\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 24px\">\u201cthe <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">stone begging bowl <\/span>of Lord Buddha in India\u2026\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 24px\"><strong>Lord Minister of the Right Abe<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 24px\">\u201c\u2026<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">a robe of fire-rat fur<\/span>\u2026 as pure as this rare treasure of China\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 24px\"><strong>Great Counsellor Otomo<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 24px\">\u201c\u2026you are a <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">jewel<\/span> that glistens more radiantly than the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">five coloured stone<\/span> that shines from the dragon\u2019s neck\u2026\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 20px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 20px\">\u00a0<strong>Middle Counsellor Isonokami<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 20px\">\u201c\u2026like the <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">cowry shell<\/span> the swallow warms as a <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">treasure<\/span>, and a <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">charm for safe birth<\/span>\u2026\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>As you can see, the semantic field (a set of meaning related terms) is overwhelmingly materialistic and \u2018exotic\u2019. The association to \u201ctreasure\u201d is entirely centred on value, commodifying her and rejecting her personality. Additionally, all the descriptions focus on her appearance, signifying the shallow way women\u2019s looks are appraised, valued, and rated.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Refusing the patriarchy: face threats and (im)politeness<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>In pragmatics, there is the concept of \u2018face\u2019 \u2013 our public image. <u>Negative<\/u> face refers to our desire not to be impeded on, whilst <u>positive<\/u> face refers to our desire for a good public image <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books\/about\/Politeness.html?id=OG7W8yA2XjcC&amp;redir_esc=y\">(Brown and Levinson, 1987)<\/a>.\u00a0 In this scene, the suitors surely believe they are praising Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em>. However, they are actually threatening her face by comparing her to material treasures. The men are especially imposing upon her negative face by urging Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> to become their wife. The princess is forced to choose a wealthy gentleman to \u201censure her own happiness\u201d, as Lady Sagami (her tutor) states. However, in defiance, Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> spectacularly rejects these patriarchal conventions through her language.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/mono\/10.4324\/9781315835778\/women-men-language-jennifer-coates\">Coates (2013)<\/a> noted that women stereotypically use more politeness features than men. This is often so women &#8211; who find themselves in socially inferior positions to men \u2013 can avoid imposing on men\u2019s negative face. What is fascinating is that Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> completely abides by these conventions, but ignores the suitors\u2019 face threatening behaviour by responding to it politely. This \u2018mock politeness\u2019 is \u2013 in fact &#8211; a form of impoliteness, and therefore threatens the face of the suitors <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books\/about\/English_Language.html?id=HRxHEAAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y\">(Culpeper, 2018)<\/a>. Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> mitigates a face threat towards the men through polite language, who humorously do not understand that she is mocking them.<\/p>\n<p><u>She says as thus:<\/u><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-848 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/redo-of-quote-2013.png?resize=633%2C346\" alt=\"\" width=\"633\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/redo-of-quote-2013.png?resize=300%2C164&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/redo-of-quote-2013.png?resize=1024%2C561&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/redo-of-quote-2013.png?resize=768%2C421&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/redo-of-quote-2013.png?resize=685%2C375&amp;ssl=1 685w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/redo-of-quote-2013.png?w=1288&amp;ssl=1 1288w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 633px) 100vw, 633px\" \/>She offends their positive face as male suitors by not accepting outright, and also offends their negative face by requesting their services. However, she also mitigates this through indirectness and the use of politeness markers. Notably, she does not form her order as a directive speech act, nor does she use imperatives. Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> abides by politeness principles with the hedging of <strong>\u300c\u3069\u3046\u304b\u300d<\/strong>, roughly meaning \u201cIf you could\u201d or &#8220;I ask&#8230;&#8221;. Such epistemic modality never once directly imposes on the suitors, instead testing their will to earn her marriage. Such a feat would have been unheard of for women, who were expected to be subservient to male nobles. Therefore, Kaguya-<em>hime\u2019s<\/em> well-crafted response is an action of rejection.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> exposes the irony of being compared to beautiful treasures when they have never seen her. She says as thus:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><em>\u201cIf I can obtain one of those treasures, then I will happily become that gentlemen\u2019s treasure\u201d.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201cTreasure\u201d is juxtaposed in material and abstract meaning, subtly criticising the way she was objectified by the men. \u201cI will happily\u201d uses deontic modality, giving the false illusion that the men are still in control of her cooperation. However, the men\u2019s positive faces have been undeniably threatened, exposing their inability to carry out her requests. Therefore, the men seem smaller, foolish, and inefficient. On the other hand, Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> is stronger, all whilst never directly engaging the men with offensive language. With this one scene, we see how Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> expertly mitigates face threatening behaviour by refusing to comply with the expectations held for her.<\/p>\n<p>However, I find it important to state that this was a lone victory for Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em>. For the majority of the film, she is commanded and imposed upon by men who dominate linguistically. We see this manifested in the climax of the film: where the Royal Emperor attempts to forcibly take her to his palace as a consort.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_840\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-840\" style=\"width: 357px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-840\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/emperor-2013.png?resize=357%2C189\" alt=\"The Emperor tries to bring Kaguya-hime with him.\" width=\"357\" height=\"189\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/emperor-2013.png?resize=300%2C159&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/emperor-2013.png?resize=768%2C408&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/emperor-2013.png?resize=685%2C364&amp;ssl=1 685w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/emperor-2013.png?w=794&amp;ssl=1 794w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 357px) 100vw, 357px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-840\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Emperor &amp; Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> \u2013 Cr: Studio Ghibli \u00a9 2013<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"jetpack-video-wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Tales of the princess kaguya scene...\" width=\"685\" height=\"385\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/eS8qCU-ZM3U?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_839\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-839\" style=\"width: 226px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-839\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/meltdown-2013.jpg?resize=226%2C179\" alt=\"Kaguya-hime cries to her mother about her unhappiness.\" width=\"226\" height=\"179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/meltdown-2013.jpg?resize=300%2C238&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/meltdown-2013.jpg?w=530&amp;ssl=1 530w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 226px) 100vw, 226px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-839\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> &amp; her mother \u2013 Cr: Studio Ghibli \u00a9 2013<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The Emperor uses directive speech acts to dominate the conversation, commanding \u201ccome with me to the palace\u201d. This is emphasized in the Japanese dialogue with <strong>\u300c\u2026\u3044\u3089\u3063\u3057\u3083\u3044\u300d<\/strong>(<em>\u2019irrasshyai\u2019<\/em>). This is used to politely invite someone: the Emperor believes he is blessing her with his attraction. For the first time in the film, Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> uses a \u2018bald on record face threat\u2019, exclaiming \u201cI will never go to your place!\u201d.\u00a0 However, despite such strong deontic modality, she is brushed off by the Emperor, who responds with: \u201cIf I wish it, you must become mine\u201d. This continues the strategies of objectification and dehumanisation, forcing Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> to rescind her autonomy. Therefore, despite displaying face threatening behaviour, the woman is overpowered in conversation by social context: <span style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u2018<u>the woman must be submissive<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">.\u2019<\/span><\/u> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">I<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000\">t i<\/span><\/span>s the realisation of this social \u2018fact\u2019 that pushes Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> to her emotional and psychological breaking point, wishing no more than to escape her life on Earth.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Conclusion: Does Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> have agency?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>At the end of the film, we are left with the poignant thought: <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">did Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> hold any agency at all?<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Whilst the film does illustrate the unfairness of female expectations, it might also perpetuate the very gender conventions it aims to criticise. Much like certain criticisms of <em>Mulan<\/em> argue, <a href=\"https:\/\/search.library.ucla.edu\/discovery\/fulldisplay?context=L&amp;vid=01UCS_LAL:UCLA&amp;search_scope=ArticlesBooksMore&amp;tab=Articles_books_more_slot&amp;docid=alma9971294223606533\">the film\u2019s male and female characters are differentiated through essential qualities that could inadvertently \u201cfurther deepen\u201d gender differences<\/a> (Glassmeyer, 2013). Through the film\u2019s attempt to present Kaguya-<em>hime\u2019s<\/em> behaviour as non-conforming, her continued suffering could perpetuate a harmful message of \u2018destined\u2019 female subservience. Furthermore, the film concludes with her forced return to the Moon by order of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Buddha-founder-of-Buddhism\">Buddha<\/a>. This is a clear erasure of power and could leave the audience with a sense of dissatisfaction.<\/p>\n<div class=\"jetpack-video-wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Princess Kaguya Ending Scene \/\/ Tale of princess kaguya...\" width=\"685\" height=\"385\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OFHIZJpT-ew?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>Despite this, it would be remiss to say that Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> has no agency in the film at all. She demonstrates unconventional power and self-awareness many times:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>her disillusionment with being a princess<\/li>\n<li>her navigation of the five male suitors<\/li>\n<li>her rejection of the Emperor, the highest seat of male power in Heian Japan.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>In fact, one of the very last frames of the film is her looking back at Earth, disobeying Buddha\u2019s order to never look back.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_850\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-850\" style=\"width: 256px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-850\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/kaguya-looking-back-at-earth-2013.jpg?resize=256%2C144\" alt=\"Kaguya-hime looks back at Earth one final time.\" width=\"256\" height=\"144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/kaguya-looking-back-at-earth-2013.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/kaguya-looking-back-at-earth-2013.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/kaguya-looking-back-at-earth-2013.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/kaguya-looking-back-at-earth-2013.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/kaguya-looking-back-at-earth-2013.jpg?resize=685%2C385&amp;ssl=1 685w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/kaguya-looking-back-at-earth-2013.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/kaguya-looking-back-at-earth-2013.jpg?w=1370 1370w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-850\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> ending \u2013 Cr: Studio Ghibli \u00a9 2013<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>It seems to me that her fluctuating power <em>itself<\/em> strengthens her role as a heroine. \u2018The Tale of The Princess Kaguya\u2019 is the story of a young woman placed in unusual circumstances. She both adheres and flouts gender conventions. She expresses discontent with her life, but ultimately begs to remain on Earth. This \u2018contradictory\u2019, complicated portrayal of \u2018desire\u2019 and emotions is \u2013 to me \u2013 proof of the film\u2019s message:\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">t<\/span><u>he unfairness of being viewed as a gendered \u2018<strong>someone\u2019<\/strong> in society.<\/u><\/p>\n<p>With gender conventions becoming a more and more debated topic, it is crucial to acknowledge gendered struggles in media. Doing so, we can discuss the harmful applications of stereotypes in reality. Animation is a beautiful medium of experiences and stories, and\u00a0 \u2018The Tale of The Princess Kaguya\u2019 is just one inspirational example.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_845\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-845\" style=\"width: 409px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-845\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/buddha-ending-2013.jpg?resize=409%2C218\" alt=\"Kaguya-hime returns to the Moon.\" width=\"409\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/buddha-ending-2013.jpg?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/files\/2024\/09\/buddha-ending-2013.jpg?w=640&amp;ssl=1 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 409px) 100vw, 409px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-845\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaguya-<em>hime<\/em> returns to the Moon \u2013 Cr: Studio Ghibli \u00a9 2013<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>References <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Brown, Penelope. &amp; Levinson, Stephen. (1987). <em>Politeness: some universals in language usage<\/em>. Cambridge University Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi-org.ezproxy.lancs.ac.uk\/10.1017\/CBO9780511813085\"><strong>https:\/\/doi-org.ezproxy.lancs.ac.uk\/10.1017\/CBO9780511813085<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Cannes: Directors\u2019 Fortnight (Event) (2014). <em>The Tale of The Princess Kaguya: A film by Isao Takahata<\/em>. BCG Press. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wildbunch.eu\">www.wildbunch.eu<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Cao, Caroline. (2019). <em>The Patriarchal Pains of Womanhood in the Films of Studio Ghibli\u2019s Isao Takahata<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.animefeminist.com\/feature-the-patriarchal-pains-of-womanhood-in-the-films-of-studio-ghiblis-isao-takahata\/\">https:\/\/www.animefeminist.com\/feature-the-patriarchal-pains-of-womanhood-in-the-films-of-studio-ghiblis-isao-takahata\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Coates, Jennifer. (2013). <em>Women, Men and Language: A Sociolinguistic Account of Gender Differences in Language (Third Edition).<\/em> London: Routledge. [Accessed from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/mono\/10.4324\/9781315835778\/women-men-language-jennifer-coates\">https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/mono\/10.4324\/9781315835778\/women-men-language-jennifer-coates<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>Cook, Barry., &amp; Bancroft, Tony (Directors) (1998). <em>Mulan<\/em> [Film]. Walt Disney Studios.<\/p>\n<p>Culpeper. J., Schauer. Gila A., (2018). \u2018Pragmatics\u2019. In Culpeper, J., Kerswill, P., Wodak, R., McEnery, T., Katamba, F. <em>English Language: Description, Variation and Context<\/em>. Red Globe Press.<\/p>\n<p>Finley, Jolie. (2023).<em> Defamiliarized Gender in the Works of Hayao Miyazaki<\/em>. Western Kentucky University Press. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.wku.edu\/stu_hon_theses\/1001\"><strong>https:\/\/digitalcommons.wku.edu\/stu_hon_theses\/1001<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Glassmeyer, Danielle. (2013). \u201cYou the man, well, sorta\u201d: gender binaries and liminalty in Mulan. From <em>Diversity in Disney Films: critical essays on race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality and disability \/ edited by Johnson Cheu<\/em>. Jefferson, North Carolina. McFarland &amp; Company Inc. Publishers.<\/p>\n<p>Lakoff, Robin. (1973). <em>Language and woman\u2019s place<\/em>. Language in Society, 2(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0047404500000051\"><strong>https:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/class\/linguist156\/Lakoff_1973.pdf<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Reitherman, Wolfgang., &amp; Larson, Eric., &amp; Clark, Les. (Directors) (1959). <em>Sleeping Beauty<\/em> [Film]. Walt Disney Studios.<\/p>\n<p>Takahata, Isao (Director). (2013) <em>Kaguya-hime no Monogatari<\/em> [Film]. Studio Ghibli<\/p>\n<p>Ta\u015fkin, H ve Inan\u00e7. (2023). <em>Reflections of the Female Identity Constructions in Animation Movies: An Analysis on of Disney and Hayao Miyazaki Movies.<\/em> In Journal of Erciyes Communication (10). Istanbul Rumeli University: Istanbul. <a href=\"https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/en\/pub\/erciyesiletisim\/issue\/75676\/1183539\">https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/en\/pub\/erciyesiletisim\/issue\/75676\/1183539<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Unger, Johann., &amp; Sunderland, Jane. (2008). Gendered Discourses in a Contemporary Animated Film: Subversion and Confirmation of Gender Stereotypes in <em>Shrek<\/em>. From <em>Linguistic Insights: Studies in Language and Communication (Volume 54)<\/em>. p. 462- 486.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=4RQd8JvuKjwC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA459&amp;dq=sunderland+unger+shrek&amp;ots=TlPFpVians&amp;sig=1XE_bBiw2VYu5qHDBgFZ8b2B-Hc&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=4RQd8JvuKjwC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA459&amp;dq=sunderland+unger+shrek&amp;ots=TlPFpVians&amp;sig=1XE_bBiw2VYu5qHDBgFZ8b2B-Hc&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Brief table of some Japanese terms mentioned<\/strong><\/h4>\n<table style=\"width: 84.3748%;height: 725px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px\" width=\"301\">JAPANESE with Romaji reading<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px\" width=\"301\">MEANING<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px\" width=\"301\">\u300c\u59eb\u300d<em>Hime<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px\" width=\"301\">Honorific suffix for \u2018Princess\u2019.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 120px\">\n<td style=\"height: 120px\" width=\"301\">\u300c\u7269\u8a9e\u300d<em>Monogatari<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 120px\" width=\"301\">Tale, story.<\/p>\n<p>Also refers to genre of traditional Japanese folk tales.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 213px\">\n<td style=\"height: 213px\" width=\"301\">\u300c\u7af9\u53d6\u7269\u8a9e\u300d<em>Taketori Monogatari<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 213px\" width=\"301\">\u201cThe Tale of the Bamboo Cutter\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>A famous <em>Monogatari<\/em> written by an unknown author in the late 9<sup>th<\/sup> or early 10<sup>th<\/sup> century during the Heian Period.<\/p>\n<p>It is considered the oldest surviving <em>Monogatari<\/em>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 168px\">\n<td style=\"height: 168px\" width=\"301\">\u300c\u5e73\u5b89\u6642\u4ee3\u300d<em>Heian Jidai<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 168px\" width=\"301\">Period between 794-1185, often regarded as the golden era for Japanese art, poetry, and literature.<\/p>\n<p>Notable for the establishment of the Imperial Court system.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 96px\">\n<td style=\"height: 96px\" width=\"301\">\u300c\u304a\u5144\u3061\u3083\u3093\u300d<em>Onii-chan<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 96px\" width=\"301\">Affixal honorific for elder brother.<\/p>\n<p>Can also be used for close older men.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 56px\">\n<td style=\"height: 56px\" width=\"301\">\u300c\u9ad8\u7d1a\u306e\u59eb\u541b\u300d<em>Kouki no himegimi<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 56px\" width=\"301\">\u201cHigh-class Princess\u201d.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px\" width=\"301\">\u300c\u3044\u3089\u3063\u3057\u3083\u3044\u300d<em>Irasshyai<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px\" width=\"301\">Polite expression for \u201c(to) come\/arrive\u201d.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201c\u2026 Then a noble princess is not a human!\u201d \u2013 Princess Kaguya As several other GLARe posts show, gender stereotypes are reflected in animated characters. When you place a Disney princess next to a prince, the differences are stark (take Sleeping Beauty below, for example). Traditionally, the princess might be polite and beautiful, taking a &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/to-be-a-princess-language-womanhood-social-status-in-studio-ghiblis-the-tale-of-the-princess-kaguya\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">To be a &#8216;Princess&#8217;: Language, womanhood &amp; social status in Studio Ghibli&#8217;s &#8216;The Tale of the Princess Kaguya&#8217;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1757,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[5],"tags":[25,140,69,46,19,214,173,194,213,191,57,65,74],"class_list":["post-816","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analysis","tag-impoliteness","tag-animated-films","tag-constructions-of-femininity","tag-content-analysis","tag-critical-discourse-analysis","tag-gender-and-status","tag-gender-roles","tag-japanese-language-culture","tag-modes-of-address","tag-studio-ghibli","tag-subversion-of-gender-norms","tag-textual-analysis","tag-translation-into-english"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1757"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=816"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":852,"href":"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/816\/revisions\/852"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=816"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=816"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/glare\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=816"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}