\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSensor technology should be insensitive to, or removes the effect of exogenous variables (e.g. temperature change, light) in a repeatable and reliable manner. These characteristics should be given as stated tolerances for inclusion within meta-data files. Analogue variables measured by sensor systems should be capable of accurate calibration against values determined by accredited techniques (e.g. laboratory analysis) or international standards.Systems should be capable of warning of sensor errors and drifts and have a degree of self-maintenance (e.g. auto-cleaning).Capacity for very high-frequency monitoring.Systems should be easy-to-use and have readily available communications by telemetry for gathering data and controlling the datalogger.Systems should allow for automatic reporting of environmental states (e.g. alarms) via the internet (e.g. river levels in flood, high concentrations of water quality variables).Systems should provide intelligent local and remote data storage with potential to integrate with data centres (e.g. NERC Environmental Information Data Centre (EIDC).<\/a>Systems should have the capacity for data-sharing with the public, either locally with mobile phone technology or remotely through the internet (e.g. Environment Agency flood water information service<\/a>).<\/p>\n
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Examples of SMART system features<\/p>\n
High frequency monitoring, with capability for accurate calibration Spectro::lyser taken out of the stream for cleaning at Trawsnant (LI8)\u00a0watershed, Wales<\/p>\n Example high frequency (15-min)\u00a0DOC (mg\/L)\u00a0data alongside rainfall (mm\/15-min)\u00a0at four watersheds at Llyn Brianne.\u00a0Source: Jones, T.D., Chappell, N.A. and Tych, W. 2014.\u00a0First dynamic model of dissolved organic carbon derived directly from high frequency observations through contiguous storms.\u00a0Environmental Science & Technology, 48: 13289-13297. view online<\/a>.<\/p>\n \/* INLINE WIDGET CSS *\/ Easy to use, readily available communications by telemetry Interior of Hobo RX3000 data logger at the Baru watershed<\/a>, Malaysia<\/p>\n Hobolink website for data download and station configuration<\/a><\/p>\n \/* INLINE WIDGET CSS *\/ Degree of self-maintenance (e.g. autocleaning) EXO2 sonde prior to deployment at Trawsnant (LI8) watershed<\/p>\n EXO2 sonde with USB interface attached. Wireless communication also available.<\/p>\n \/* INLINE WIDGET CSS *\/ Example 4. i::scan and con::cubeThe i::scan is a miniature\u00a0in-situ spectrophotometer. Provides TOC, DOC, UV254, colour and\u00a0turbidity according to manufacturer’s global algorithm. Does not provide full spectral signature.\u00a0Can be accurately calibrated to local stream values measured independently at an accredited laboratory.Degree of\u00a0self-maintenance through automatic wiper for 35 mm path length probe and has\u00a0smart phone enabled communications. Deployed alongside the con::cube control terminal for data acquisition and has large memory for data storage. Deployed at Plynlimon<\/a>, Baru<\/a> and Hosagadde<\/a> watersheds.Click here<\/a> for UK supplier and technical details.<\/p>\n i::scan, autowiper\u00a0and pH probe prior to deployment at the Hosagadde watershed<\/p>\n conc::cube controller box with power supply at Hosagadde watershed<\/p>\n Example of steps in true colour data when self-cleaning of spectro::lyser probe was not available. Arrows indicate where manual weekly cleaning has been performed leaving large steps in the raw data. Data presented at Sensors for Water Interest group meeting,<\/a> Sept 2014, Glasgow.<\/p>\n \/* INLINE WIDGET CSS *\/ Automatic reporting of environmental states (alarms and triggers) CR1000 datalogger enclosure (white box) – used to trigger ISCO autosampler. <\/p>\n Automatic Weather Station (using CR1000 datalogger)\u00a0at Esgair Garn, mid Wales<\/p>\n \/* INLINE WIDGET CSS *\/ Links to other sensor applications and high-frequency monitoring sites \/* INLINE WIDGET CSS *\/ SMART Sensors SMART Sensors SMART Sensors SMART Sensors SMART Sensors SMART Sensors SMART Sensors \/* INLINE WIDGET CSS *\/ #layers-widget-slide-9-76 { background-color: #444; background-repeat: no-repeat;background-position: center;background-image: url(‘http:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/files\/2016\/03\/ghats_sensors-1-e1457096000963.jpg’);} #layers-widget-slide-9-76 h3.heading,#layers-widget-slide-9-76h3.heading a,#layers-widget-slide-9-76div.excerpt{ color: #ffffff;} #layers-widget-slide-9-596 { background-color: #444; background-repeat: no-repeat;background-position: center;background-image: url(‘http:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/files\/2016\/03\/concube-1-e1457096123155.jpg’);} #layers-widget-slide-9-63 { background-color: #444; background-repeat: no-repeat;background-position: center;background-image: url(‘http:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/files\/2016\/03\/sump_cropped-e1457092305727.jpg’);} #layers-widget-slide-9-699 { background-color: #444; background-repeat: no-repeat;background-position: center;background-image: […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":479,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"builder.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-30","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P9rr27-u","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/479"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30"}],"version-history":[{"count":395,"href":"http:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2260,"href":"http:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30\/revisions\/2260"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExample 1. S::CAN spectro::lyser.In-situ spectrophotometer measuring 256 spectral absorbance values between 200 and 732 nm. Capable of measuring at a frequency of 1 minute sampling. We have typically deployed at 15 minute sampling frequencies (e.g. at Llyn Brianne watershed<\/a>s).Manufacturer\u2019s global calibration gives values of turbidity, true colour, apparent colour, nitrate-N, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total organic carbon (TOC) from spectral absorbance values. Capability to calibrate to true stream values through analysis of local water samples at an accredited laboratory.Deployed at Llyn Brianne<\/a> and Plynlimon<\/a>. At these sites we have typically manually cleaned measurement lenses twice weekly by brushing with a toothbrush for 60 seconds with 10% HCl.Click here<\/a> for UK supplier and technical details.<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/files\/2016\/03\/spectro-e1458578410516.jpg?resize=350%2C524\")
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\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExample 2. Hobo RX3000 monitoring stationEasy to use data logging station with telemetry\u00a0that allows remote access to data through the internet at any time, as well as capacity to adjust settings such as sampling interval online. Alarm notifications can be set up and managed over the web.The systems\u00a0can be used\u00a0with a wide range of environmental sensors (e.g. rainfall, streamflow). Ideal for deployment in remote locations as long as there is compatible mobile network coverage. Requires solar panel to maintain internal battery.Deployed at\u00a0Plynlimon<\/a>,\u00a0Baru<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Hosagadde<\/a>\u00a0watersheds.Click here<\/a> for UK suppliers and technical details.<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/files\/2016\/03\/DSCF4609-e1459767591973.jpg?resize=1080%2C810\")
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\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExample 3. EXO 2 multiparameter sondeMultiparameter sonde fits up to 6 sensors and capable of very high frequency measurement (e.g. 1 minute sampling intervals). Compatible with numerous sensors including fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM), blue-green algae, chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, and oxidation reduction potential (ORP).Has a degree of self-maintenance with anti-fouling automatic wiper that can be triggered prior to every measurement to prevent algae\/precipitates from building up on sensor lenses. Wireless communication also available for datalogger interrogation.Memory for >1,000,000 logged readings, and so has space for high-frequency sampling over extended periods.Deployment at the LI8 watershed, Llyn Brianne<\/a>Click here<\/a> for UK supplier and technical details.<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/files\/2016\/03\/exo.jpg?resize=201%2C300\")
\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/files\/2016\/03\/P4081727.jpg?resize=225%2C300\")
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\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/files\/2016\/03\/P8220780.jpg?resize=300%2C225\")
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\n #layers-widget-column-52-946 h5.heading a,#layers-widget-column-52-946h5.heading,#layers-widget-column-52-946div.excerpt,#layers-widget-column-52-946div.excerpt p{ color: #000000;}<\/p>\n
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExample 5. Campbell Scientific CR1000 measurement and control datalogger and associated sensorsCR1000 datalogger can be used with a wide range of environmental (and other) sensors, and can be set up to deliver data using a range of telemetry options (radio, satellite, modem etc).Environmental states can be reported and used as an alarm to trigger other devices. At the Llyn Brianne watersheds<\/a> we have used water level sensors to trigger automatic water samplers once a certain water level is reached. Several sensors from Campbell Scientific also have self-maintenance features, such as antifouling mechanisms. For example, at the Llyn Brianne <\/a>and Baru<\/a> watersheds we have used OBS-3+ turbidity probes alongside a ‘hydrowiper’ that cleans the sensor every 15 minutes.Real-time data from our Campbell Scientific Automatic Weather Station (using a CR1000 with telemetry) on the Esgair Garn mountain at Llyn Brianne is available here<\/a>.Click here<\/a> for UK supplier and technical details.<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/files\/2016\/03\/WQ-box2.jpg?resize=201%2C300\")
\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/wp.lancs.ac.uk\/basin-network\/files\/2016\/03\/AWS2-1.jpg?resize=199%2C300\")
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCOSMOS Soil Moisture monitoring (CEH)<\/a>Coweeta Long Term Ecological Research (LTER)<\/a>Eden Demonstration Test Catchment<\/a> (DTC)The River Thames Initiative (CEH)<\/a>River Wensum Demonstration Test Catchment (DTC)<\/a>Water Resources Information System of India (WRIS)<\/a>Smart Water for Europe <\/a>website for interesting example applications of state-of-the-art water quality sensors.Article on real-time monitoring from Water and Wastewater Treatment website<\/a>.Blog from the International Water Association <\/a>on use of smart technologies and big data.The Smart Water Networks Forum (SWAN)<\/a><\/p>\n
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